Yoga & Functional Neurological Disorder
Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder (FND): a guide for educators. By Charlotta Martinus
Reading time: 5-6 minutes
What is Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)?
Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a medical condition that affects the way the brain and body communicate, leading to a range of physical and neurological symptoms. These can include non-epileptic seizures, motor problems like weakness, paralysis, or involuntary movements, as well as difficulties with balance, coordination, bladder and bowel function, and speech. People with FND may also experience chronic pain, migraines, cognitive challenges, and changes in sensation or vision.
FND is sometimes referred to as a ‘software problem’ in the brain rather than a ‘hardware problem’. In contrast to conditions like stroke or multiple sclerosis, where damage to the brain’s structure causes symptoms, in FND, the brain’s wiring is intact. Instead, the issue lies in how the brain controls movement and sensation. To illustrate, imagine trying to run a mobile app designed for one system on a different platform — it simply won’t function properly, even though the device itself is not damaged.
One positive aspect of FND is that, due to the brain’s plasticity (its ability to adapt and change), symptoms can often be improved with the right treatment and support.
Causes and triggers of FND
FND is a complex condition with no single cause. In some cases, it can be triggered by psychological factors, such as stress or trauma, but this isn’t always the case. The link between FND and neurodiversity, particularly conditions like autism, is becoming increasingly recognised. Children who experience FND may not have been diagnosed with autism or other neurodevelopmental conditions, meaning they might miss out on the support they need in educational settings. It is important for educators to recognise that FND symptoms are real, not imagined or ‘put on’. While psychological factors can play a role, FND is a medical condition, and each student will experience it differently.
How FND presents in the classroom
Students with FND may show inconsistencies in their abilities. For example, a child may have significant weakness in their legs when asked to perform a formal task like walking, but may be able to complete everyday activities like putting on shoes. This difference occurs because when the child focuses on a movement, the brain struggles to make the connection with the muscles. However, when the movement is automatic or routine, this connection is often easier.
These students may experience fluctuating symptoms that can be confusing for educators and peers. One day, a student may struggle to participate fully in class, while on another day, they may appear more capable. Understanding the variability of FND symptoms can help teachers provide the right support.
Supporting students with FND in schools
FND can present unique challenges in educational environments, making awareness and understanding among staff essential. Here are some key ways teachers and schools can support students with FND:
Flexibility in expectations: because symptoms can fluctuate, it’s important to remain flexible in academic and physical expectations. Some students may need more rest or time to complete tasks on difficult days.
Understanding inconsistencies: recognising that physical or cognitive abilities may vary throughout the day or week can help reduce frustration for both teachers and students. Patience and understanding go a long way in fostering a supportive environment.
Encouraging movement and relaxation: stress can exacerbate FND symptoms. Incorporating relaxation techniques, breathing exercises, or even light movement can help calm the nervous system, enabling students to focus and participate in class.
Collaboration with healthcare providers: working closely with physiotherapists, occupational therapists and other healthcare providers can ensure that the school environment is adapted to meet the needs of the student.
Supporting students with FND in schools
One approach that has shown promise in managing FND symptoms is yoga. Yoga combines mind-body practices like movement, breath awareness, and relaxation, making it a powerful tool for supporting students with FND. Here are some of the ways yoga can help:
Breath awareness and relaxation: yoga emphasises deep breathing and mindfulness, which can help calm the nervous system. For students with FND, managing anxiety and stress is critical to reducing symptom flare-ups.
Interoception: this refers to the ability to notice internal sensations within the body. Yoga practices that focus on interoception can help students with FND reconnect with their bodies, which may enhance physical therapy efforts and improve motor control.
Gradual progression: yoga can be adapted to suit the physical capabilities of each student. This flexibility makes it a great option for those with FND, allowing them to build strength and confidence at their own pace.
Empowerment: Yoga encourages self-awareness and self-regulation, helping students feel empowered in their healing process. It also promotes a sense of autonomy, allowing students to choose movements and practices that feel right for them.
Why FND awareness is important in schools
As awareness of FND grows, it is vital for educators to understand the condition and how it affects students in the classroom. Misunderstandings about FND can lead to frustration, both for students and staff. However, with the right approach, educators can make a significant difference in the lives of students with FND by fostering a supportive and adaptive learning environment. FND is a condition that challenges the connection between mind and body, but with awareness, understanding, and flexible support, schools can play a crucial role in helping students manage their symptoms and succeed academically. Whether through incorporating relaxation techniques, fostering understanding, or introducing practices like yoga, educators have the potential to empower students with FND to thrive.
Charlotta Martinus is a senior yoga teacher, a yoga therapist for mental health and the founder of TeenYoga, which provides international yoga and mindfulness teacher training for working with teens. Find out more at: teenyoga.com
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